Question 1

Two clinicians are asked to diagnose a patient who shows symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) . The patient does not show any visible forms of depression. The first clinician believes that depression is an important cause of OCD and so does not diagnose the patient with OCD. The second clinician believes that depression is a by-product of OCD but not a root cause. Therefore, she diagnoses the patient as having OCD. This example illustrates that:

Accepted Answer

A)   our beliefs and background knowledge influence how we categorize things
B)   clinicians are often mistaken in their diagnosis
C)   theories are often fallible and so should not be depended on in many situations
D)   theories are not involved when placing a test case into a particular category A

Question 2

Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is therefore likely to have:

Accepted Answer

A)   a definition for the concept of octopus
B)   only exemplar-based knowledge for the concept of octopus
C)   a prototype for the octopus concept
D)   a prototype for the octopus concept and some exemplar-based knowledge

Question 3

Evidence suggests that children believe that:

Accepted Answer

A)   no matter how you changed a skunk's behavior or appearance, it would still be a skunk and not a raccoon
B)   it is behavior that matters for category identity, so if a skunk learned to act like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon
C)   it is appearance that matters for category identity, so if a skunk were altered to look like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon
D)   it is the combination of behavior and appearance that matters for category identity, so both attributes would have to be changed to turn one organism into another A

Question 4

There is a pattern of converging evidence with respect to prototype theory. This means that:

Accepted Answer

A)   different individuals agree in their identification of typical category members
B)   the same category members turn out to be privileged in a wide range of experimental tasks
C)   more recent studies have allowed a more precise specification of which category members are typical
D)   as children grow up, they gain a more specific notion of what it is that identifies each category

Question 5

It seems unlikely that our conceptual knowledge is represented by mental definitions because:

Accepted Answer

A)   each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined
B)   many of our abstract concepts (justice, love, and God)  are difficult to define
C)   it is easy to find exceptions to any definition proposed
D)   most of our concepts are difficult to express in words

Question 6

Judgments about which category members are typical:

Accepted Answer

A)   are easily shifted by changes in context or changes in perspective
B)   shift as one learns more about the category but then become quite stable
C)   differ sharply across cultures
D)   are impressively constant across individuals and situations

Question 7

In making category judgments, we are often sensitive to the degree of variability within the target category. This fact is easily explained by:

Accepted Answer

A)   exemplar-based theories but not by prototype theory
B)   prototype theory but not by exemplar-based theories
C)   neither prototype theory nor exemplar-based theories
D)   both prototype theory and exemplar-based theories

Question 8

The claim that mental categories have fuzzy boundaries means that:

Accepted Answer

A)   researchers have been unable to specify the boundaries for the categories people use every day
B)   different individuals have somewhat different concepts, making it easy for people to disagree about how a particular object should be categorized
C)   the boundaries for a general category are less clear-cut than are the boundaries for a basic-level category
D)   category membership is a matter of degree, not an all-or-nothing distinction

Question 9

Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   if asked simply to describe an object, participants are likely to use the basic-level term
B)   basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word
C)   basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions
D)   basic-level terms are acquired by children at a younger age than either more specific or more general terms

Question 10

If asked to name as many birds as they can, participants are MOST likely to name:

Accepted Answer

A)   larger birds (e.g., hawk, owl) 
B)   distinctive birds (e.g., vulture, penguin) 
C)   birds associated with other familiar concepts (e.g., turkey, bald eagle) 
D)   birds resembling the prototype (e.g., robin, sparrow)

Question 11

Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   both theories require the triggering of a memory
B)   both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined
C)   both theories require a judgment of resemblance
D)   conclusions for both processes are based on resemblance

Question 12

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that:

Accepted Answer

A)   there is at least one feature shared by all the members of the family
B)   there is at least one identifying trait such that if you have that trait, you are certain to be a member of the family
C)   any pair of family members will have certain traits in common even though there may be no traits shared by all of the family members
D)   there are several features that all members of the family have in common

Question 13

Which of these is NOT true about a heuristic strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)   It may categorize a bat as a type of bird.
B)   We use it when we are particularly concerned about accuracy.
C)   It emphasizes the resemblance of an object to the superficial features of a prototype.
D)   It allows efficiency even if this implies a risk of occasional error.

Question 14

The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge. Which of these is NOT true about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)   They provide a knowledge base on which we can rely when thinking about an object, event, or category.
B)   They play a large part in determining how easily and how quickly we learn new concepts.
C)   They are often as precise and as accurate as most scientific theories.
D)   They often allow us to understand any new facts that we encounter about an object or category. C

Question 15

Which of the following explanations is NOT discussed with respect to theories of categorization?

Accepted Answer

A)   use definitions to create categories
B)   use dissimilarity to determine category membership
C)   create boundaries to separate categories
D)   focus on the center of a bounded area

Question 16

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from:

Accepted Answer

A)   a prototype to exemplar-based knowledge
B)   exemplar-based knowledge to a definition
C)   a definition to a prototype
D)   exemplar-based knowledge to a prototype

Question 17

Categorization is of great importance to cognitive tasks. Which of the following is LEAST likely to benefit from the ability to categorize?

Accepted Answer

A)   learning new information
B)   expanding current knowledge
C)   generalizing to new situations
D)   improving IQ

Question 18

In many procedures, participants are sensitive to a category's degree of variability. This is probably because the participants are able to refer to:

Accepted Answer

A)   some mental representation of the average for that category
B)   a comparison between the category and its mental prototype
C)   a number of examples of the category's members, allowing them to estimate the range of what's possible within the category
D)   an estimate of the variability based on one exemplar

Question 19

It has been suggested that a rigid definition for a category is not possible, and that resemblance (much like a family resemblance)  might be more appropriate. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)   Categorization is a matter of degree, not all-or-none.
B)   Categories are constantly adding new members.
C)   Similarity is often subjective.
D)   A rigid definition is unlikely to be accepted by everyone.

Question 20

Is one theory of categorization (prototype vs. exemplar)  better at explaining graded membership findings than the other?

Accepted Answer

A)   Yes, prototype is better than exemplar.
B)   Yes, exemplar is better than prototype.
C)   It is uncertain-both theories can explain the findings.
D)   It is uncertain-neither theory can explain the findings.

Exam 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Correct Answer
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A

Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is therefore likely to have:

Correct Answer
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Evidence suggests that children believe that:

Correct Answer
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A

There is a pattern of converging evidence with respect to prototype theory. This means that:

Correct Answer
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It seems unlikely that our conceptual knowledge is represented by mental definitions because:

Correct Answer
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Judgments about which category members are typical:

Correct Answer
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In making category judgments, we are often sensitive to the degree of variability within the target category. This fact is easily explained by:

Correct Answer
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The claim that mental categories have fuzzy boundaries means that:

Correct Answer
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Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT:

Correct Answer
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If asked to name as many birds as they can, participants are MOST likely to name:

Correct Answer
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Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT:

Correct Answer
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When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that:

Correct Answer
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Which of these is NOT true about a heuristic strategy?

Correct Answer
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The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge. Which of these is NOT true about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?

Correct Answer
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C

Which of the following explanations is NOT discussed with respect to theories of categorization?

Correct Answer
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Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from:

Correct Answer
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Categorization is of great importance to cognitive tasks. Which of the following is LEAST likely to benefit from the ability to categorize?

Correct Answer
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In many procedures, participants are sensitive to a category's degree of variability. This is probably because the participants are able to refer to:

Correct Answer
verified

It has been suggested that a rigid definition for a category is not possible, and that resemblance (much like a family resemblance) might be more appropriate. Why?

Correct Answer
verified

Is one theory of categorization (prototype vs. exemplar) better at explaining graded membership findings than the other?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is therefore likely to have:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evidence suggests that children believe that:

Correct AnswerverifiedA

There is a pattern of converging evidence with respect to prototype theory. This means that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

It seems unlikely that our conceptual knowledge is represented by mental definitions because:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Judgments about which category members are typical:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In making category judgments, we are often sensitive to the degree of variability within the target category. This fact is easily explained by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The claim that mental categories have fuzzy boundaries means that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If asked to name as many birds as they can, participants are MOST likely to name:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of these is NOT true about a heuristic strategy?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge. Which of these is NOT true about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Which of the following explanations is NOT discussed with respect to theories of categorization?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Categorization is of great importance to cognitive tasks. Which of the following is LEAST likely to benefit from the ability to categorize?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In many procedures, participants are sensitive to a category's degree of variability. This is probably because the participants are able to refer to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

It has been suggested that a rigid definition for a category is not possible, and that resemblance (much like a family resemblance) might be more appropriate. Why?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Is one theory of categorization (prototype vs. exemplar) better at explaining graded membership findings than the other?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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A

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A

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C

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