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Rotter's most basic category of needs,in the sense that other needs are learned in relationship to it,is


A) recognition-status.
B) dominance.
C) physical comfort.
D) independence.
E) love and affection.

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According to Rotter,the behavior potential in any situation is a function of


A) expectancy.
B) reinforcement value.
C) both of these.
D) neither of these.

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In Rotter's theory,the likelihood that a person will behave in a given manner depends basically on his or her


A) expectation of receiving reinforcement.
B) perceived value of the expected reinforcement.
C) neither of these.
D) both of these.

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"A generalized expectancy held by an individual that the word,promise,oral or written statement of another individual or group can be relied on" is Rotter's definition of


A) social interest.
B) interpersonal trust.
C) external control of reinforcement.
D) gullibility.

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Although Mischel has much in common with Bandura and Rotter,his unique contribution to social learning theory is his research on


A) sexual dysfunction.
B) specific situations.
C) interpersonal trust.
D) self-efficacy.
E) the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

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Which term describes Rotter's approach to personality?


A) interactionist
B) social-learning theory
C) cognitive theory
D) All of these are correct.

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Rotter saw needs as


A) reflecting a state of deprivation.
B) indicators of the direction of behavior.
C) reflecting certain conditions of arousal.
D) having two categories: social and physiological.

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For Rotter,the degree to which a person prefers one set of reinforcements to another is called


A) need value.
B) need preference.
C) need potential.
D) freedom of movement.

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Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective personality system holds that


A) thoughts and emotions act independently to produce behavior.
B) apparent inconsistencies in people's behavior reflect stable patterns of variation and can be used to predict behavior.
C) apparent inconsistencies in people's behavior are due to random error that invalidates any attempts to predict behavior.
D) behaviors are an outgrowth of stable,global personality traits-both cognitive and affective.

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In Mischel and Shoda's personality system,behavior is shaped by people's specific cognitive and affective processes plus


A) their previous experiences with reinforcement.
B) the unique situation.
C) their personal dispositions.
D) their motivation.

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