Question 1

The reabsorption of water in the nephron is accomplished due to the generation of an osmotic gradient created by Na⁺ reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Only substances that are filtered by the kidneys can be excreted by them.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter which blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vasa recta
B)  Afferent arterioles
C)  Efferent arterioles
D)  Cortical peritubular capillaries
E)  Collecting ducts

Question 4

Most of the reabsorption of filtered calcium is unregulated and occurs in the ________,but an additional amount can be reabsorbed in the ________,depending on the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone.

Accepted Answer

A)  proximal convoluted tubule;distal convoluted tubule
B)  distal convoluted tubule;proximal convoluted tubule
C)  proximal convoluted tubule;descending loop of Henle
D)  distal convoluted tubule;medullary collecting ducts
E)  distal convoluted tubule;renal corpuscle

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding Ca²⁺ homeostasis is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca²⁺ reabsorption by the kidneys.
B)  Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca²⁺ absorption from the GI tract.
C)  In the absence of parathyroid hormone,plasma Ca²⁺ levels would be abnormally low,resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.
D)  When plasma Ca²⁺ increases above normal,the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.
E)  Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca²⁺.

Question 6

Constriction of the ________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  afferent arterioles;glomerular capillaries
B)  efferent arterioles;proximal convoluted tubules
C)  renal vein;peritubular capillaries
D)  efferent arterioles;glomerular capillaries
E)  efferent arterioles;Bowman's capsule

Question 7

What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
B)  Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
C)  Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
D)  Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
E)  Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

Question 8

You are the CEO of a drug company where you've asked five teams of scientists to generate new drugs to decrease blood pressure.You can only send four of the drugs to market.Which of these drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure and can be eliminated from potential development?

Accepted Answer

A)  A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
B)  A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
C)  A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
D)  A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
E)  A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

Question 9

You are a scientist at a drug company where your CEO has asked for your team to create a drug that will inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence) .Which of the following drugs would be effective?

Accepted Answer

A)  A drug that enhances the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle
B)  A drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle 
C)  A drug that inhibits the effects of sympathetic neurons on the internal urethral sphincter
D)  A drug that inhibits the effects of somatic neurons on the bladder
E)  A drug that inhibits the action of sympathetic neurons on the external urethral sphincter

Question 10

In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed?

Accepted Answer

A)  The proximal tubule
B)  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C)  The distal convoluted tubule
D)  The collecting ducts
E)  The descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 11

You play a trick on your little brother and replace all the sugar in the sugar bowl with salt.In the morning,you find him eating a bowl full of cereal with salt on it.You realize he's eaten quite a bit of salt! Which is likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urine osmolarity would decrease.
B)  Atrial natriuretic factor secretion would decrease.
C)  Firing by hypothalamic osmoreceptors would decrease.
D)  Secretion of atrial natriuretic factor would increase.
E)  Secretion of vasopressin would decrease.

Question 12

The main force responsible for water reabsorption from the collecting ducts is the low hydrostatic pressure in the surrounding interstitial space.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

When blood Ca²⁺ levels fall below normal,in what ways do the kidneys help restore them toward normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ formation,decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption,and increasing tubular Ca²⁺ reabsorption
B)  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ formation,increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption,and increasing tubular Ca²⁺ reabsorption
C)  By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ formation,increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption,and increasing tubular Ca²⁺ reabsorption
D)  Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
E)  By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

Question 14

One response to increased H⁺ production in the body is decreased reabsorption of HCO₃⁻ by the kidneys.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Following a few months of noticeably high urine volume,Stephanie's doctor diagnosed her with diabetes insipidus.Stephanie's doctor prescribed her desmopressin,which is a synthetic drug form of which of these hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  ACTH
B)  Vasopressin
C)  Atrial natriuretic factor
D)  Angiotensin II
E)  Insulin

Question 16

Unlike the renal cortical interstitial fluid,the interstitial fluid of the medulla is hyperosmotic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Water absorption from the proximal tubule is mainly driven by the active reabsorption of Na⁺.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

An increase in the osmolarity of the blood supplying the hypothalamus is a powerful stimulus for thirst.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which stimulates vasopressin secretion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased plasma osmolarity
B)  Increased plasma volume
C)  Ingestion of alcohol
D)  Decreased aldosterone secretion
E)  Increased pressure in afferent arterioles

Question 20

Which of the following substances undergoes renal tubular secretion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ca²⁺
B)  Na⁺
C)  K⁺
D)  H₂0

Exam 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

You play a trick on your little brother and replace all the sugar in the sugar bowl with salt.In the morning,you find him eating a bowl full of cereal with salt on it.You realize he's eaten quite a bit of salt! Which is likely to occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which stimulates vasopressin secretion?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When blood Ca²⁺ levels fall below normal,in what ways do the kidneys help restore them toward normal?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The reabsorption of water in the nephron is accomplished due to the generation of an osmotic gradient created by Na⁺ reabsorption.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most of the reabsorption of filtered calcium is unregulated and occurs in the ________,but an additional amount can be reabsorbed in the ________,depending on the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One response to increased H⁺ production in the body is decreased reabsorption of HCO₃⁻ by the kidneys.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Following a few months of noticeably high urine volume,Stephanie's doctor diagnosed her with diabetes insipidus.Stephanie's doctor prescribed her desmopressin,which is a synthetic drug form of which of these hormones?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You are a scientist at a drug company where your CEO has asked for your team to create a drug that will inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence) .Which of the following drugs would be effective?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An increase in the osmolarity of the blood supplying the hypothalamus is a powerful stimulus for thirst.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You are the CEO of a drug company where you've asked five teams of scientists to generate new drugs to decrease blood pressure.You can only send four of the drugs to market.Which of these drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure and can be eliminated from potential development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements regarding Ca²⁺ homeostasis is TRUE?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following substances undergoes renal tubular secretion?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Only substances that are filtered by the kidneys can be excreted by them.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Constriction of the ________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Water absorption from the proximal tubule is mainly driven by the active reabsorption of Na⁺.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The main force responsible for water reabsorption from the collecting ducts is the low hydrostatic pressure in the surrounding interstitial space.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Unlike the renal cortical interstitial fluid,the interstitial fluid of the medulla is hyperosmotic.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter which blood vessels?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Most of the reabsorption of filtered calcium is unregulated and occurs in the ,but an additional amount can be reabsorbed in the ,depending on the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone.

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Constriction of the decreases hydrostatic pressure in .

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