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Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

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Question 61

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Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive? (most specific) . 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods

A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

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Question 62

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Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

A) the digestive system's opening.
B) suspension-feeding devices.
C) components of the jaw.
D) gill slits for respiration.
E) portions of the inner ear.

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Question 63

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As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart

The following questions refer to the description below. While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit) . The 1-metre-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow) . -The adaptation of the body shape of snakes has resulted in one of their lungs becoming vestigial. Another adaptation (to a fossorial lifestyle) is snakes' absence of limbs. If the "mystery organism" has also become adapted to a fossorial lifestyle, though its ancestors moved about on the surface, then which structures should one expect to find upon dissecting the organism? 1. reduced or absent pelvic and/or pectoral girdles 2. metanephridia 3. hydrostatic skeleton

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

Which of the following statements about human evolution is a common misconception?

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials

If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs? 1. teeth 2. contour feathers 3. wing claws 4. long tail with many vertebrae

Which characteristic of monotremes is ancestral to amniotes?

Which feature(s) allow(s) hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories?

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (see the figure above) . The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. -The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still

Which clade does not include humans?

Which feature of some carinates has the same effect on weight as the presence of air sacs?

The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?