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Exam 1: Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories

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Question 51

Multiple Choice

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Each time 3-year-old Maddy uses her potty chair, her father puts a sticker on a chart. After earning five stickers, Maddy gets to pick out a small toy at the store. Maddy's father is using ______ to increase the likelihood that Maddy will continue to use the potty chair.

A) bribery
B) classical conditioning
C) reinforcement
D) social learning

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Question 52

Multiple Choice

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Throughout the lifespan, we change physically, cognitively, and psychosocially. This illustrates the notion that development is _____.

A) static
B) multidisciplinary
C) plastic
D) multidimensional

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Question 53

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Ethological theory is the scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior and its survival value.

The ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from birth to death, is known as _________ development.

Researchers have found that reading to infants and toddlers leads to gains in language development, as well as enhanced school readiness skills. The relationship between reading to infants and toddlers and favorable developmental outcomes is:

Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children are active in their development by engaging with the world around them.

An important strength of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to:

Research illustrates that development consists of both gains and losses, as well as growth and decline, throughout the lifespan. This means that development is _____.

One of the most important criticisms of Freud's theory is that it:

_______ theory is regarded as one of the first lifespan views of development.

_____ refers to where and when a person develops.

According to ________ theory, development results from the ongoing interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within the individual and his or her changing context.

Sequential research designs combine the best features of _______ and ______ research.

In contrast to information processing theory, Piaget believed that the mind works in ways similar to a computer.

The _______ consists of relations and interactions among microsystems.

According to Piaget, children and adults learn by interacting with their environments and organizing what they learn into _________.

The timing of important life events-such as marriage, birth of a child, starting a career, and retirement-fall within the ______.

In contrast to Freud's theory, Erikson focused on the role of ___________ in shaping development.

Regarding the nature-nurture issue, today's developmental scientists agree that _______.

Each time Isabella sits down to feed her baby a bottle, she gently strokes the baby's head. One day, Isabella began stroking her daughter's head and noticed that the baby started sucking, even though it wasn't feeding time. The baby's association between having her head stroked and the presentation of food is an example of _______.