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What does the presence of an intervening variable signify?


A) The effect of variable X on variable Y is mediated through variable Z
B) Variables X and Y are independent
C) The effect of variable X on variable Y is dependent on correlation
D) Variable Z has no effect on variable X

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Why can we not be certain about the future in the study of comparative politics?


A) We only have evidence of the past, not the future.
B) We are unable to factor in unforeseen events.
C) Previous observations may not hold in deviant cases.
D) All of the above

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Explain the omitted variable problem, using an example.

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The omitted variable problem occurs when...

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What is a variable?

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A variable in the context of mathematics...

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Which of the following is not commonly seen as a key challenge of measurement?


A) Error
B) Bias
C) Validity
D) Time

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An effort to show that a given theory has logical limitations is called:


A) An empirical critique
B) A theoretical critique
C) A qualitative limitation
D) A quantitative comparison

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What is the name commonly used in comparative politics for the conditions or range of cases for which an argument works?


A) Scale conditions
B) Scope conditions
C) Extension conditions
D) Extrapolation conditions

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How could a positive correlation between ice cream sales and violent crime be explained in order to show there is no causation?


A) Even criminals love ice cream.
B) Ice cream sales increase to console victims of violent crime.
C) Ice cream sales and violent crime are linked by another variable.
D) Ice cream sales and violent crime rates only correlate sometimes.

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