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Exam 15: What Is Freedom: Reconstruction, 1865-1877

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Question 51

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Why did Mark Twain call Anson Burlingame "a citizen of the world"?

A) Burlingame had dual citizenship.
B) Burlingame looked beyond a narrow view of citizenship.
C) Burlingame promoted Asian arts and the culture of the Pacific Ocean.
D) Burlingame turned his back on his U.S. citizenship.

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Question 52

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Late Convention of Colored Men (1865) We warn you in time that our only safety is in keeping them under Governors of the military persuasion until you have amended the Federal Constitution that it will prohibit the States from making any distinction between citizens on account of race or color. In one word, the only salvation for us besides the military power of the government, is in the possession of the ballot. Give us this, and we will protect ourselves. No class of men relatively as numerous as we were ever oppressed when armed with the ballot. But, 'tis said we are ignorant. Admit it. Yet who denies we know a traitor from a loyal man, a gentleman from a rowdy, a friend from an enemy. . . . We are "sheep in the midst of wolves," and nothing but the military arm of the government prevents us and all the truly loyal white men from being driven from the land of our birth. Do not, then, we beseech you, give to one of these "wayward sisters" the rights they abandoned and forfeited when they rebelled, until you have secured our rights by the aforementioned amendment to the constitution. Let your action in our behalf be thus clear and emphatic, and our respected President, who, we feel confident, desires only to know your will, to act in harmony therewith, will give you his most earnest and cordial cooperation; and the Southern States, through your enlightened and just legislation, will speedily award us our rights. Thus not only will the arms of the rebellion be surrendered, but the ideas also. . . . -The passage illustrates the

A) failure of the Civil War to end slavery.
B) cooperation of southern governments with freedmen.
C) strength of the federal government during Reconstruction.
D) eagerness of the freedmen to return to war.

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Question 53

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The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the 1873 case in which Myra Bradwell challenged an Illinois statute excluding women from practicing law:

What was the northern vision for the Reconstruction-era southern economy?

The Fourteenth Amendment:

Explain why the policies of the Reconstruction era failed to bring about change for African-Americans politically, socially, and economically in the period 1860 to 1877.

Late Convention of Colored Men (1865) We warn you in time that our only safety is in keeping them under Governors of the military persuasion until you have amended the Federal Constitution that it will prohibit the States from making any distinction between citizens on account of race or color. In one word, the only salvation for us besides the military power of the government, is in the possession of the ballot. Give us this, and we will protect ourselves. No class of men relatively as numerous as we were ever oppressed when armed with the ballot. But, 'tis said we are ignorant. Admit it. Yet who denies we know a traitor from a loyal man, a gentleman from a rowdy, a friend from an enemy. . . . We are "sheep in the midst of wolves," and nothing but the military arm of the government prevents us and all the truly loyal white men from being driven from the land of our birth. Do not, then, we beseech you, give to one of these "wayward sisters" the rights they abandoned and forfeited when they rebelled, until you have secured our rights by the aforementioned amendment to the constitution. Let your action in our behalf be thus clear and emphatic, and our respected President, who, we feel confident, desires only to know your will, to act in harmony therewith, will give you his most earnest and cordial cooperation; and the Southern States, through your enlightened and just legislation, will speedily award us our rights. Thus not only will the arms of the rebellion be surrendered, but the ideas also. . . . -During the early phases of the Union military occupation of the former Confederate states, individuals who had been loyal to the Confederacy were