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The layers of peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall can be cross-linked by peptide intrabridges or by direct cross-linking.

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Growth factors cannot by synthesized by the bacteria that use them and include amino acids,pyrimidines,and vitamins. ASM

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Copper (Cu)is considered a micronutrient. Blooms Level: 1.Remember Learning Outcome: 03.03.02 Distinguish macroelements (macronutrients)from micronutrients (trace elements)and provide examples of each Section: 03.03

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Bacterial flagella are composed of three parts: the ______ body,which is embedded in the cell,the hook,and the _______,which is the longest part of the flagellum.

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Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization.

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The term used to describe bacteria that are intermediate in shape between spherical and rod-shaped is


A) cocci.
B) bacilli.
C) vibrio.
D) coccobacilli.

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Flexible bacteria with a helical shape are called


A) vibrios.
B) spirilla.
C) spirochetes.
D) coccobacilli.

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The most widely accepted current model for membrane structures is called the __________ model.

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A __________ is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell wall and is not easily removed.

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Transport of two different substances can be linked.If the transport is in the same direction it is called __________; if the transport is in opposite directions it is called __________. ASM

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Export of flagellin subunits is mediated by


A) an apparatus in the basal body of the flagellum that is related to the type II secretion pathway.
B) the type I secretion pathway.
C) an apparatus in the basal body of the flagellum that is related to the type III secretion pathway.
D) none of the above.

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Gram-positive bacteria have a structurally and chemically more complex cell wall than gram-negative bacteria.

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Endospores are resistant to most environmental stressors because they have _____ complexed with calcium ions which stabilize DNA.

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During the assembly of the flagellar filament,the flagellin protein monomers assemble at the cell proximal base of the flagellum.

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Different transport systems for the same nutrient that are part of the same organism are usually regulated in different ways. ASM

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